基于地质雷达与孔内摄像的爆破防漏施工方法

为了解决在裂隙溶洞岩体条件下,散装炸药由于良好的流动性,容易发生炸药泄漏,形成安全隐患并影响爆破效果的问题。结合具有典型喀斯特地貌特征的贵阳龙洞堡机场三期扩建工程中露天爆破施工的实际情况,以检测数据为基础,提出了一种适用于不良地质条件的散装炸药施工新方法。设计前,对爆区采用地质雷达进行地质检测,探测地下溶洞等不良构造,基于探测数据有针对性的进行爆破设计;使用孔内摄像技术对炮孔内部条件进行检测,从而确定可能发生炸药泄漏的位置。在施工过程中,采用分段装药、包装炸药隔离、高强度聚乙烯膜柔性隔离等技术控制炸药泄漏。在龙洞堡机场扩建工程的露天爆破中应用结果表明,合理运用该技术,可以有效避免混装炸药因泄漏而流失,从而改善裂隙岩体条件的爆破效果。     

高低温循环及对称冲击耦合加载下 炸药的安全性研究

基于一级轻气炮加载装置，研究了高低温循环及对称冲击耦合加载下某黑索今(RDX)基含Al炸药的安全性，计算了缺陷处的内能等参数。结果表明:高低温循环后，炸药试样出现可见的孔隙。对称碰撞加载后，不经高低温循环的试样未发生点火，应力加载峰值为835 MPa，加载时间为35 μs；而经历高低温循环的试样出现点火，点火前应力为242 MPa，加载时间11 μs。高低温循环所产生的缺陷是导致炸药点火的重要原因。     

工业硝酸铵添加剂对乳胶基质的影响

为了改善工业硝酸铵的吸湿结块性能,通常会加入添加剂(有机包覆剂或无机改性剂),而工业硝酸铵作为乳化炸药的主要原料,其添加剂对乳化炸药的制备和性能会产生影响。因此,分别对采用有机包覆剂蜡的泰国产工业硝酸铵和采用无机改性剂的俄罗斯产工业硝酸铵,开展了制备现场散装乳胶基质的工业试验。结果表明:两类工业硝酸铵均可作为乳化炸药原材料使用,但有机包覆剂会沉入水相罐底部或粘附在输送管道内壁,对水相和乳胶基质制备造成不利影响,因此需要在水相制备环节分离去除包覆剂蜡;硝酸镁、硝酸钙等无机改性剂对乳胶基质制备无影响,但生产的乳胶基质稳定性较差,通过调整乳化剂的种类和配比以及乳化器的转速可得到一定改进。     

基于GO法的单输出爆炸逻辑网络系统可靠性分析

为有效提高爆炸逻辑网络系统可靠性水平,识别系统的薄弱环节,基于GO法(goal oriented methodology)原理建立了爆炸逻辑网络可靠性分析方法。根据某单输出爆炸逻辑网络的工作原理建立了GO图模型,并利用状态组合法进行可靠性定量计算和定性分析,结果表明单输出爆炸逻辑网络系统的可靠度为0.977,最小割集为雷管I_1、雷管I_2、雷管I_3、零门N_1和零门N_3。建立了单输出爆炸逻辑网络系统的可靠性框图,并计算了系统可靠度,结果与GO法状态组合法一致,验证了GO法运用于单输出爆炸逻辑网络可靠性分析的可行性。     

低能量密度炸药连续装药光面爆破技术研究

为了提高光面爆破成型质量，提出了一种低能量密度炸药连续装药光面爆破技术，利用LS DYNA进行数值模拟，对比2#岩石乳化炸药间隔装药和低能量密度炸药连续装药的应力场，然后将此技术用于长九（神山）灰岩矿四号隧洞控制爆破和露天边坡光面爆破。结果表明：2#岩石乳化炸药间隔装药模型中，装药段与非装药段测点应力峰值相差很大；而在低能量密度炸药连续装药模型中，沿炮孔轴向相同爆心距的测点应力峰值保持一致；使用低能量密度炸药进行连续装药，能够避免装药段的过度破坏和非装药段的欠挖，提高残孔率，且省去了导爆索捆绑时间，提高周边孔装药效率，节省了爆破成本。     

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a β-solidifying γ-TiAl alloy densified by spark plasma sintering

This study deals with the densification of a pre-alloyed Ti–44Al–6Nb–1Mo–0.2Y–0.1B (at.%) powder by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The powder was produced by a plasma rotating electrode process (PREP), and then SPS densified at temperatures between 1200 and 1320 °C. At SPS temperatures below 1240 °C, the α₂-dominated dendritic structure in the PREP powder particles disappeared and the fully dense microstructure mainly consisting of γ and B2 grains formed during SPS, but several original powder particle boundaries (OPBs) still remained. While sintered above 1240 °C, OPBs vanished entirely and an uniform duplex microstructure emerged. Furthermore, fully-lamellar (FL) microstructure with mean colony size smaller than 20 μm was produced via β-homogenization annealing. This FL microstructure renders a good tensile elongation of 1.25% and yield strength of 665 MPa at room temperature. However, instability of α₂/γ lamellar structures was induced by final stabilization annealing, resulting in sharp reduction of both room-temperature ductility and high-temperature strength.     

组合式火箭爆破器系统飞行性算法研究

为提高爆炸带的展直率,确保火箭爆破器的破障效果,建立二维有限质点模型对火箭爆破器系统的飞行特性进行研究。根据力学方程、运动方程和几何连续方程,通过时间差分法对各质点的力学参数进行数值计算,并结合实验工况对火箭爆破器系统在空中飞行的力学特性进行计算分析。结果表明:在主动段中,火箭拖拽爆炸带加速运动,爆炸带保持直线拉直状态;爆炸带全部拉出后,由于阻力伞的作用,爆炸带的内力较大,仍能维持在展直状态;进入被动段后,随着火箭及爆炸带速度的下降,阻力伞对爆炸带的拉力随之下降,爆炸带在越过最高点后,下落的阶段容易发生弯曲。     

Systematic exploration of the applicability of the idiomatic vapor balance rule to distillation column consolidation

For N-component distillation(N ≥ 3), consolidation between different column sections is an inevitable manipulation when synthesizing complex distillation configurations. In the consolidation, the idiomatic vapor balance(IVB) rule, in which the larger vapor flowrate in the two columns before consolidation will be chosen as the balanced vapor flowrate at the consolidation point, has been widely used. However, the applicability of the IVB rule has not been verified, which is of essential importance to the accuracy of the distillation configuration synthesis.In the present study, the applicability of the IVB rule to distillation column consolidation was systematically explored by rigorous method for the first time. First, the separation of ideal and non-ideal three-component mixtures with variable compositions was studied, and the optimized configurations before and after consolidation were determined by a rigorous method. The results indicated that for the separation of an ideal mixture, the IVB rule was applicable for the whole composition range, while for the separation of a non-ideal mixture, the IVB rule was only applicable for very limited composition range. Finally, two cases of synthesizing distillation configurations for the separation of non-ideal mixtures were studied to verify the remarkable deviations the IVB rule may cause. The results indicated that the applicability of the shortcut method using the IVB rule to the distillation configuration synthesis depended on the composition of the non-ideal mixture, and a remarkable error might result and the truly optimal configuration might be missed if the IVB rule is applied to a non-ideal mixture.     

多级堆排尾矿沉积固结特性实验研究

基于多级堆排尾矿浆体沉积柱一维沉积固结实验,近似模拟一级尾矿子坝内堆排尾矿的沉积固结过程,针对不同排水控制条件下实验尾矿的沉积固结结果进行比较分析,探讨多级堆排尾矿的沉积固结规律。结果表明:尾矿浆体的沉积固结过程明显分为沉积和固结二个阶段;超静孔隙水压力前期消散迅速,后期消散缓慢;排水实验每日平均渗透系数前期逐日下降,后期小幅上升;不同排水控制条件下,固结完成尾矿的干密度及相对密实度均随深度的增加而增大,二者在排水实验各深度处均大于不排水实验。     

分级加载电压下考虑有效电势变化的软黏土电渗固结理论

分级加载电压技术能够有效延长电渗处理的时间,改善地基的处理效果并能有效降低能耗。在利用分级加载电压技术开展电渗试验时,随着土体的排水固结,土体各点的电势会发生明显的变化,这与现有的电渗固结理论假设土体各点电势保持不变有所差异。利用自主设计的电渗试验仪器开展了分级加载电压下的电渗室内试验,分析了电渗过程中土体有效电势变化的规律。基于该规律并结合Esrig固结理论建立了在阳极处不排水、阴极处排水条件下考虑土体有效电势变化的电渗固结理论,得到了分级加载电压条件下考虑土体有效电势变化的超静孔隙水压力和平均固结度的解析表达式。研究表明,在电压分级加载过程中,土体有效电势变化规律表现为随时间先基本保持不变,后呈抛物线状先增后减。通过试验案例验证了考虑土体有效电势变化所求得解析解的合理性,且该数值计算结果相较于Esrig数值计算结果,前者更加接近实测值,该固结方程的建立为后续分级加载电压技术的推广应用提供了理论依据,也为实际工程提供了参考。